Miniature color printer using ink and paper cartridges

ABSTRACT

A printer device for interconnection with a computer system comprising a printer head unit including an ink jet print head for printing images on print media and further having a cavity therein for insertion of a consumable print roll unit; and a print roll unit containing a consumable print media and ink for insertion into said cavity, said ink being utilised by said ink jet print head for printing images on said print media.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The following Australian provisional patent applications are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. For the purposes of location and identification, U.S. patent applications identified by their U.S. patent application serial numbers (USSN) are listed alongside the Australian applications from which the U.S. patent applications claim the right of priority.

CROSS- U.S. Pat./ REFERENCED PATENT APPLICATION AUSTRALIAN (CLAIMING RIGHT PROVISIONAL OF PRIORITY DOC- PATENT FROM AUSTRALIAN CET APPLICATION NO. PROVISIONAL APPLICATION) NO. PO7991 09/113,060 ART01 PO8505 09/113,070 ART02 PO7988 09/113,073 ART03 PO9395 09/112,748 ART04 PO8017 09/112,747 ART06 PO8014 09/112,776 ART07 PO8025 09/112,750 ART08 PO8032 09/112,746 ART09 PO7999 09/112,743 ART10 PO7998 09/112,742 ART11 PO8031 09/112,741 ART12 PO8030 09/112,740 ART13 PO7997 09/112,739 ART15 PO7979 09/113,053 ART16 PO8015 09/112,738 ART17 PO7978 09/113,067 ART18 PO7982 09/113,063 ART19 PO7989 09/113,069 ART20 PO8019 09/112,744 ART21 PO7980 09/113,058 ART22 PO8018 09/112,777 ART24 PO7938 09/113,224 ART25 PO8016 09/112,804 ART26 PO8024 09/112,805 ART27 PO7940 09/113,072 ART28 PO7939 09/112,785 ART29 PO8501 09/112,797 ART30 PO8500 09/112,796 ART31 PO7987 09/113,071 ART32 PO8022 09/112,824 ART33 PO8497 09/113,090 ART34 PO8020 09/112,823 ART38 PO8023 09/113,222 ART39 PO8504 09/112,786 ART42 PO8000 09/113,051 ART43 PO7977 09/112,782 ART44 PO7934 09/113,056 ART45 PO7990 09/113,059 ART46 PO8499 09/113,091 ART47 PO8502 09/112,753 ART48 PO7981 09/113,055 ART50 PO7986 09/113,057 ART51 PO7983 09/113,054 ART52 PO8026 09/112,752 ART53 PO8027 09/112,759 ART54 PO8028 09/112,757 ART56 PO9394 09/112,758 ART57 PO9396 09/113,107 ART58 PO9397 09/112,829 ART59 PO9398 09/112,792 ART60 PO9399 6,106,147 ART61 PO9400 09/112,790 ART62 PO9401 09/112,789 ART63 PO9402 09/112,788 ART64 PO9403 09/112,795 ART65 PO9405 09/112,749 ART66 PP0959 09/112,784 ART68 PP1397 09/112,783 ART69 PP2370 09/112,781 DOT01 PP2371 09/113,052 DOT02 PO8003 09/112,834 Fluid01 PO8005 09/113,103 Fluid02 PO9404 09/113,101 Fluid03 PO8066 09/112,751 IJ01 PO8072 09/112,787 IJ02 PO8040 09/112,802 IJ03 PO8071 09/112,803 IJ04 PO8047 09/113,097 IJ05 PO8035 09/113,099 IJ06 PO8044 09/113,084 IJ07 PO8063 09/113,066 IJ08 PO8057 09/112,778 IJ09 PO8056 09/112,779 IJ10 PO8069 09/113,077 IJ11 PO8049 09/113,061 IJ12 PO8036 09/112,818 IJ13 PO8048 09/112,816 IJ14 PO8070 09/112,772 IJ15 PO8067 09/112,819 IJ16 PO8001 09/112,815 IJ17 PO8038 09/113,096 IJ18 PO8033 09/113,068 IJ19 PO8002 09/113,095 IJ20 PO8068 09/112,808 IJ21 PO8062 09/112,809 IJ22 PO8034 09/112,780 IJ23 PO8039 09/113,083 IJ24 PO8041 09/113,121 IJ25 PO8004 09/113,122 IJ26 PO8037 09/112,793 IJ27 PO8043 09/112,794 IJ28 PO8042 09/113,128 IJ29 PO8064 09/113,127 IJ30 PO9389 09/112,756 IJ31 PO9391 09/112,755 IJ32 PP0888 09/112,754 IJ33 PP0891 09/112,811 IJ34 PP0890 09/112,812 IJ35 PP0873 09/112,813 IJ36 PP0993 09/112,814 IJ37 PP0890 09/112,764 IJ38 PP1398 09/112,765 IJ39 PP2592 09/112,767 IJ40 PP2593 09/112,768 IJ41 PP3991 09/112,807 IJ42 PP3987 09/112,806 IJ43 PP3985 09/112,820 IJ44 PP3983 09/112,821 IJ45 PO7935 09/112,822 IJM01 PO7936 09/112,825 IJM02 PO7937 09/112,826 IJM03 PO8061 09/112,827 IJM04 PO8054 09/112,828 IJM05 PO8065 6,071,750 IJM06 PO8055 09/113,108 IJM07 PO8053 09/113,109 IJM08 PO8078 09/113,123 IJM09 PO7933 09/113,114 IJM10 PO7950 09/113,115 IJM11 PO7949 09/113,129 IJM12 PO8060 09/113,124 IJM13 PO8059 09/113,125 IJM14 PO8073 09/113,126 IJM15 PO8076 09/113,119 IJM16 PO8075 09/113,120 IJM17 PO8079 09/113,221 IJM18 PO8050 09/113,116 IJM19 PO8052 09/113,118 IJM20 PO7948 09/113,117 IJM21 PO7951 09/113,113 IJM22 PO8074 09/113,130 IJM23 PO7941 09/113,110 IJM24 PO8077 09/113,112 IJM25 PO8058 09/113,087 IJM26 PO8051 09/113,074 11M27 PO8045 6,111,754 IJM28 PO7952 09/113,088 IJM29 PO8046 09/112,771 IJM30 PO9390 09/112,769 IJM31 PO9392 09/112,770 IJM32 PP0889 09/112,798 IJM35 PP0887 09/112,801 IJM36 PP0882 09/112,800 IJM37 PP0874 09/112,799 IJM38 PP1396 09/113,098 IJM39 PP3989 09/112,833 IJM40 PP2591 09/112,832 IJM41 PP3990 09/112,831 IJM42 PP3986 09/112,830 IJM43 PP3984 09/112,836 IJM44 PP3982 09/112,835 IJM45 PP0895 09/113,102 IR01 PP0870 09/113,106 IR02 PP0869 09/113,105 IR04 PP0887 09/113,104 IR05 PP0885 09/112,810 IR06 PP0884 09/112,766 IR10 PP0886 09/113,085 IR12 PP0871 09/113,086 IR13 PP0876 09/113,094 IR14 PP0877 09/112,760 IR16 PP0878 09/112,773 IR17 PP0879 09/112,774 IR18 PP0883 09/112,775 IR19 PP0880 09/112,745 IR20 PP0881 09/113,092 IR21 PO8006 6,087,638 MEMS02 PO8007 09/113,093 MEMS03 PO8008 09/113,062 MEMS04 PO8010 6,041,600 MEMS05 PO8011 09/113,082 MEMS06 PO7947 6,067,797 MEMS07 PO7944 09/113,080 MEMS09 PO7946 6,044,646 MEMS10 PO9393 09/113,065 MEMS11 PP0875 09/113,078 MEMS12 PP0894 09/113,075 MEMS13

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a data processing method and apparatus and, in particular, discloses desktop printer.

The present invention further relates to a printer system for utilisation with a computer or the like for printing out of images etc., on demand.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Many different of forms of printers exist for utilisation with a computer system. Possible forms of printers however, are unduly bulky and difficult to manage.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide for a printer system having an increased level of convenience in utilisation and in an extremely compact form.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a printer device for interconnection with a computer system, the printer device comprising a printhead unit including an ink jet printhead for printing images on print media and further having a cavity therein for insertion of a consumable print roll unit and a print roll unit containing consumable print media and ink for insertion into said cavity, said ink being utilised by said ink jet printhead for printing images on said print media.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates the preferred embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED AND OTHER EMBODIMENTS

The preferred embodiment is preferably implemented through suitable programming of a hand held camera device such as that described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/113,060 entitled “Digital Instant Printing Camera with Image Processing Capability” (Docket No. ART01) filed concurrently herewith by the present applicant the contents of which are hereby specifically incorporated by cross reference.

The aforementioned patent specification discloses a camera system, hereinafter known as an “Artcam” type camera, wherein sensed images can be directly printed out by an Artcam portable camera unit. Further, the aforementioned specification discloses means and methods for performing various manipulations on images captured by the camera sensing device leading to the production of various effects in any output image. The manipulations are disclosed to be highly flexible in nature and can be implemented through the insertion into the Artcam of cards having encoded thereon various instructions for the manipulation of images, the cards hereinafter being known as Artcards. The Artcam further has significant onboard processing power by an Artcam Central Processor unit (ACP) which is interconnected to a memory device for the storage of important data and images.

Turning initially to FIG. 1, there is illustrated at 10 a form of printer in accordance course with a preferred embodiment of the invention. The printer 10 is designed to take a print roll 11 for the insertion into a cavity 12. The print roll 11 is inserted into the cavity 12 and contains rollers eg. 13, 14 which pinch an internal paper roll and feed it, on demand, past a printhead 15 for the printing of images. Ideally, the print roll 13 includes print media contained therein in addition to a consumable ink supply with the ink supply being consumed by the print head 15 in the printing out of images.

The printer 10 can be constructed from a suitable reworking of the embodiment of the aforementioned specification wherein the printer 10 communicates with the computer 24 via a USB port.

The printer unit 18 can be a plastic moulded case and includes an internal printhead 15 for the printing out of images.

The printhead 15 is interconnected to a printhead chip 20 by means of automated bonding techniques. The print chip 20 can be mounted on a flexible circuit board to reduce the size of the printer unit 18. The printhead chip can be constructed in accordance with the latest semiconductor fabrication techniques and includes associated memory chips etc. for the production of images from a description forwarded to the printer unit 18 via a USB communications cable 22. Of course, many other forms of interfacing could be utilised. The printhead chip can be as described in the aforementioned specification.

Hence, when it is desired to print out an image, the computer system 24, interconnected to the printer unit 18 forwards a page description to the print unit 18 via cable 22. The print chip 20 prepares the image for printing which is subsequently printed with the printhead 15. The print roll 11 thereby supplies a convenient form of consumable print media including ink and upon utilisation by the printer unit 18 the print roll 13 is disposed of and a new print roll 13 is inserted into cavity 12.

It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.

Ink Jet Technologies

The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.

The most significant problem with thermal ink jet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal ink jet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.

The most significant problem with piezoelectric ink jet is size and cost Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per printhead, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewidth printheads with 19,200 nozzles.

Ideally, the ink jet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new ink jet technologies have been created. The target features include:

low power (less than 10 Watts)

high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)

photographic quality output

low manufacturing cost

small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)

high speed (<2 seconds per page).

All of these features can be met or exceeded by the ink jet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. Forty-five different ink jet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the list under the heading Cross References to Related Applications.

The ink jet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems.

For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the printhead is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the printhead is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the ink jet type. The smallest printhead designed is covered in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/112,764, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The printheads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.

Ink is supplied to the back of the printhead by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The printhead is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.

Tables of Drop-on-Demand Ink Jets

Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual ink jet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.

The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of ink jet types.

Actuator mechanism (18 types)

Basic operation mode (7 types)

Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)

Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)

Actuator motion (19 types)

Nozzle refill method (4 types)

Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)

Nozzle clearing method (9 types)

Nozzle plate construction (9 types)

Drop ejection direction (5 types)

Ink type (7 types)

The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of ink jet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable ink jet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain ink jet types have been investigated in detail. Forty-five such inkjet types were filed simultaneously to the present application.

Other ink jet configurations can readily be derived from these forty-five examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the forty-five examples can be made into ink jet printheads with characteristics superior to any currently available ink jet technology.

Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The simultaneously filed patent applications by the present applicant are listed by USSN numbers. In some cases, a print technology may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.

Suitable applications for the ink jet technologies include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.

The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Thermal bubble An electrothermal heater heats Large force generated High power Canon Bubblejet 1979 Endo the ink to above boiling point, Simple construction Ink carrier limited to water et al GB patent 2,007,162 transferring significant heat to No moving parts Low efficiency Xerox heater-in-pit 1990 the aqueous ink. A bubble Fast operation High temperatures required Hawkins et al U.S. Pat. No. nucleates and quickly forms, Small chip area required for High mechanical stress 4,899,181 expelling the ink. The efficiency actuator Unusual materials required Hewlett-Packard TIJ 1982 of the process is low, with Large drive transistors Vaught et al U.S. Pat. No. typically less than 0.05% of the Cavitation causes actuator 4,490,728 electrical energy being trans- failure formed into kinetic energy of the Kogation reduces bubble forma- drop. tion Large print heads are difficult to fabricate Piezoelectric A piezoelectric crystal such as Low power consumption Very large area required for Kyser et al U.S. Pat. No. lead lanthanum zirconate (PZT) Many ink types can be used actuator 3,946,398 is electrically activated, and Fast operation Difficult to integrate with Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. either expands, shears, or bends High efficiency electronics 3,683,212 to apply pressure to the ink, High voltage drive transistors 1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No. ejecting drops. required 3,747,120 Full pagewidth print heads Epson Stylus impractical due to actuator Tektronix size IJ04 Requires electrical poling in high field strengths during manufacture

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electrostrictive An electric field is used to Low power consumption Low maximum strain (approx. Seiko Epson, Usui et all activate electrostriction in Many ink types can be used 0.01%) JP 253401/96 relaxor materials such as lead Low thermal expansion Large area required for actuator IJ04 lanthanum zirconate titanate Electric field strength required due to low strain (PLZT) or lead magnesium (approx. 3.5 V/μm) can be Response speed is marginal niobate (PMN). generated without difficulty (˜10 μs) Does not require electrical High voltage drive transistors poling required Full pagewidth print heads impractical due to actual size Ferroelectric An electric field is used to Low power consumption Difficult to integrate with IJ04 induce a phase transition Many ink types can be used electronics between the antiferroelectric Fast operation (<1 μs) Unusual materials such as (AFE) and ferroelectric (FE) Relatively high longitudinal PLZSnT are required phase. Perovskite materials such strain Actuators require a large area as tin modified lead lanthanum High efficiency zirconate titanate (PLZSnT) Electric field strength of exhibit large strains of up to around 3 V/μm can be readily 1% associated with the AFE to provided FE phase transition. Electrostatic Conductive plates are separated Low power consumption Difficult to operate electrostatic IJ02, IJ04 plates by a compressible or fluid Many ink types can be used devices in an aqueous environ- dielectric (usually air). Upon Fast operation ment application of a voltage, the The electrostatic actuator will plates attract each other and normally need to be separated displace ink, causing drop from the ink ejection. The conductive Very large area required to plates may be in a comb or achieve high forces honeycomb structure, or High voltage drive transistors stacked to increase the surface may be required area and therefore the force. Full pagewidth print heads are not competitive due to actuator size

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electrostatic A strong electric field is Low current consumption High voltage required 1989 Saito et al, U.S. Pat. pull on ink applied to the ink, whereupon Low temperature May be damaged by sparks due No. 4,799,068 electrostatic attraction to air breakdown 1989 Miura et al, U.S. Pat. No. accelerates the ink towards Required field strength increases 4,810,954 the print medium. as the drop size decreases Tone-jet High voltage drive transistors required Electrostatic field attracts dust Permanent An electromagnet directly Low power consumption Complex fabrication IJ07, IJ10 magnet electro- attracts a permanent magnet, Many ink types can be used Permanent magnetic material magnetic displacing ink and causing drop Fast operation such as Neodymium Iron ejection. Rare earth magnets High efficiency Boron (NdFeB) required. with a field strength around Easy extension from single High local currents required 1 Tesla can be used. Examples nozzles to pagewidth print Copper metalization should be are: Samarium Cobalt (SaCo) heads used for long electromigration and magnetic materials in the lifetime and low resistivity neodymium iron boron family Pigmented inks are usually (NdFeB, NdDyFeBNb, infeasible NdDyFeB, etc) Operating temperature limited to the Curie temperature (around 540 K.)

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Soft magnetic A solenoid induced a magnetic Low power consumption Complex fabrication IJ01, IJ05, IJ08, IJ10, IJ12, IJ14, core electro- field in a soft magnetic core Many ink types can be used Materials not usually present in IJ15, IJ17 magnetic or yoke fabricated from a Fast operation a CMOS fab such as NiFe, ferrous material such as electro- High efficiency CoNiFe, or CoFe are required plated iron alloys such as Easy extension from single High local currents required CoNiFe [1], CoFe, or NiFe nozzles to pagewidth print Copper metalization should be alloys. Typically, the soft heads used for long electromigration magnetic material is in two lifetime and low resistivity parts, which are normally Electroplating is required held apart by a spring. When High saturation flux density the solenoid is actuated, the is required (2.0-2.1 T is two parts attract, displacing achievable with CoNiFe [1]) the ink. Lorenz force The Lorenz force acting on a Low power consumption Force acts as a twisting IJ06, IJ11, IJ13, IJ16 current carrying wire in a Many ink types can be used motion magnetic field is utilized. Fast operation Typically, only a quarter of the This allows the magnetic field High efficiency solenoid length provides force to be supplied externally to Easy extension from single in a useful direction the print head, for example nozzles to pagewidth print High local currents required with rare earth permanent heads Copper metalization should be magnets. Only the current used for long electromigration carrying wire need be lifetime and low resistivity fabricated on the print- Pigmented inks are usually head, simplifying materials infeasible requirements.

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Magneto- The actuator uses the giant Many ink types can be used Force acts as a twisting motion Fischenbeck, U.S. Pat. No. striction magnetostrictive effect of Fast operation Unusual materials such as 4,032,929 materials such as Terfenol-D Easy extension from single Terfenol-D are required IJ25 (an alloy of terbium, dysprosium nozzles to pagewidth print High local currents required and iron developed at the Naval heads Copper metalization should be Ordnance Laboratory, hence High force is available used for long electromigration Ter-Fe-NOL). For best lifetime and low resistivity efficiency, the actuator should Pre-stressing may be required be pre-stressed to approx. 8 MPa. Surface tension Ink under positive pressure is Low power consumption Requires supplementary force to Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 reduction held in a nozzle by surface Simple construction effect drop separation and related patent applications tension. The surface tension of No unusual materials required Requires special ink surfactants the ink is reduced below the in fabrication Speed may be limited by bubble threshold, causing the High efficiency surfactant properties ink to egress from the nozzle. Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads Viscosity The ink viscosity is locally Simple construction Requires supplementary force to Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 reduction reduced to select which drops No unusual materials required effect drop separation and related patent applications are to be ejected. A viscosity in fabrication Requires special ink viscosity reduction can be achieved Easy extension from single properties electrothermally with most inks, nozzles to pagewidth print High speed is difficult to but special inks can be heads achieve engineered for a 100:1 viscosity Requires oscillating ink reduction. pressure A high temperature difference (typically 80 degrees) is required

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Acoustic An acoustic wave is generated Can operate without a nozzle Complex drive circuitry 1993 Hadimioglu et al, EUP and focussed upon the drop plate Complex fabrication 550,192 ejection region. Low efficiency 1993 Elrod et al, EUP 572,220 Poor control of drop position Poor control of drop volume Thermoelastic An actuator which relies upon Low power consumption Efficient aqueous operation IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, IJ18, IJ19, IJ20, bend actuator differential thermal expansion Many ink types can be used requires a thermal insulator IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28, upon Joule heating is used. Simple planar fabrication on the hot side IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, Small chip area required for Corrosion prevention can be IJ35, IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, each actuator difficult IJ41 Fast operation Pigmented inks may be High efficiency infeasible, as pigment particles CMOS compatible voltages may jam the bend actuator and currents Standard MEMS processes can be used Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples High CTE A material with a very high High force can be generated Requires special material (e.g. IJ09, IJ17, IJ18, IJ20, IJ21, IJ22, thermoelastic coefficient of thermal expansion Three methods of PTFE PTFE) IJ23, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, actuator (CTE) such as polytetrafluoro- deposition are under develop- Requires a PTFE deposition IJ31, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 ethylene (PTFE) is used. As ment: chemical vapor deposition process, which is not yet high CTE materials are usually (CVD), spin coating, and standard in ULSI fabs non-conductive, a heater fabri- evaporation PTFE is a candidate PTFE deposition cannot be cated from a conductive material for low dielectric constant followed with high temperature is incorporated. A 50 μm insulation in ULSI (above 350° C.) processing long PTFE bend actuator with Very low power consumption Pigmented inks may be polysilicon heater and 15 mW Many ink types can be used infeasible, as pigment particles power input can provide Simple planar fabrication may jam the bend actuator 180 μN force and 10 μm Small chip area required for deflection. Actuator motions each actuator include: Fast operation Bend High efficiency Push CMOS compatible voltages and Buckle currents Rotate Easy extension from single nozzles to pagewidth print heads

ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Conduct-ive A polymer with a high High force can Requires special IJ24 polymer coefficient of thermal be generated materials thermo- expansion (such as Very low power development (High elastic PTFE) is doped with consumption CTE conductive actuator conducting substances Many ink types polymer) to increase its can be used Requires a PTFE conductivity to about 3 Simple planar deposition process, orders of magnitude fabrication which is not yet below that of copper. Small chip area standard in ULSI The conducting required for each fabs polymer expands actuator PTFE deposition when resistively Fast operation cannot be followed heated. High efficiency with high Examples of CMOS temperature (above conducting dopants compatible voltages 350° C.) processing include: and currents Evaporation and Carbon nanotubes Easy extension CVD deposition Metal fibers from single nozzles techniques cannot Conductive polymers to pagewidth print be used such as doped heads Pigmented inks polythiophene may be infeasible, Carbon granules as pigment particles may jam the bend actuator Shape A shape memory alloy High force is Fatigue limits IJ26 memory such as TiNi (also available (stresses maximum number alloy known as Nitinol- of hundreds of MPa) of cycles Nickel Titanium alloy Large strain is Low strain (1%) developed at the Naval available (more than is required to extend Ordnance Laboratory) 3%) fatigue resistance is thermally switched High corrosion Cycle rate between its weak resistance limited by heat martensitic state and Simple removal its high stiffness construction Requires unusual austenic state. The Easy extension materials (TiNi) shape of the actuator from single nozzles The latent heat of in its martensitic state to pagewidth print transformation must is deformed relative to heads be provided the austenic shape. Low voltage High current The shape change operation operation causes ejection of a Requires pre- drop. stressing to distort the martensitic state

Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples ACTUATOR MECHANISM (APPLIED ONLY TO SELECTED INK DROPS) Linear Linear magnetic Linear Magnetic Requires unusual IJ12 Magnetic actuators include the actuators can be semiconductor Actuator Linear Induction constructed with materials such as Actuator (LIA), Linear high thrust, long soft magnetic alloys Permanent Magnet travel, and high (e.g. CoNiFe) Synchronous Actuator efficiency using Some varieties (LPMSA), Linear planar also require Reluctance semiconductor permanent magnetic Synchronous Actuator fabrication materials such as (LRSA), Linear techniques Neodymium iron Switched Reluctance Long actuator boron (NdFeB) Actuator (LSRA), and travel is available Requires the Linear Stepper Medium force is complex multi- Actuator (LSA). available phase drive circuitry Low voltage High current operation operation BASIC OPERATION MODE Actuator This is the simplest Simple operation Drop repetition Thermal ink jet directly mode of operation: the No external rate is usually Piezoelectric ink pushes ink actuator directly fields required limited to around 10 jet supplies sufficient Satellite drops kHz. However, this IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, kinetic energy to expel can be avoided if is not fundamental IJ04, IJ05, IJ06, the drop. The drop drop velocity is less to the method, but is IJ07, IJ09, IJ11, must have a sufficient than 4 mls related to the refill IJ12, IJ14, IJ16, velocity to overcome Can be efficient, method normally IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, the surface tension. depending upon the used IJ24, IJ25, IJ26, actuator used All of the drop IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, kinetic energy must IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, be provided by the IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, actuator IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, Satellite drops IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, usually form if drop IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 velocity is greater than 4.5 mls Proximity The drops to be Very simple print Requires close Silverbrook, EP printed are selected by head fabrication can proximity between 0771 658 A2 and some manner (e.g. be used the print head and related patent thermally induced The drop the print media or applications surface tension selection means transfer roller reduction of does not need to May require two pressurized ink). provide the energy print heads printing Selected drops are required to separate alternate rows of the separated from the ink the drop from the image in the nozzle by nozzle Monolithic color contact with the print print heads are medium or a transfer difficult roller.

BASIC OPERATION MODE Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electro- The drops to be Very simple print Requires very Silverbrook, EP static pull printed are selected by head fabrication can high electrostatic 0771 658 A2 and on ink some manner (e.g. be used field related patent thermally induced The drop Electrostatic field applications surface tension selection means for small nozzle Tone-Jet reduction of does not need to sizes is above air pressurized ink). provide the energy breakdown Selected drops are required to separate Electrostatic field separated from the ink the drop from the may attract dust in the nozzle by a nozzle strong electric field. Magnetic The drops to be Very simple print Requires Silverbrook, EP pull on ink printed are selected by head fabrication can magnetic ink 0771 658 A2 and some manner (e.g. be used Ink colors other related patent thermally induced The drop than black are applications surface tension selection means difficult reduction of does not need to Requires very pressurized ink). provide the energy high magnetic fields Selected drops are required to separate separated from the ink the drop from the in the nozzle by a nozzle strong magnetic field acting on the magnetic ink. Shutter The actuator moves a High speed (>50 Moving parts are IJ13, IJ17, IJ21 shutter to block ink kHz) operation can required flow to the nozzle. The be achieved due to Requires ink ink pressure is pulsed reduced refill time pressure modulator at a multiple of the Drop timing can Friction and wear drop ejection be very accurate must be considered frequency. The actuator Stiction is energy can be very possible low Shuttered The actuator moves a Actuators with Moving parts are IJ08, IJ15, IJ18, grill shutter to block ink small travel can be required IJ19 flow through a grill to used Requires ink the nozzle. The shutter Actuators with pressure modulator movement need only small force can be Friction and wear be equal to the width used must be considered of the grill holes. High speed (>50 Stiction is kHz) operation can possible be achieved Pulsed A pulsed magnetic Extremely low Requires an IJ10 magnetic field attracts an ‘ink energy operation is external pulsed pull on ink pusher’ at the drop possible magnetic field pusher ejection frequency. An No heat Requires special actuator controls a dissipation materials for both catch, which prevents problems the actuator and the the ink pusher from ink pusher moving when a drop is Complex not to be ejected. construction

AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None The actuator directly Simplicity of Drop ejection Most ink jets, fires the ink drop, and construction energy must be including there is no external Simplicity of supplied by piezoelectric and field or other operation individual nozzle thermal bubble. mechanism required. Small physical actuator IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, size IJ04, IJ05, IJ07, IJ09, IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ26, IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44 Oscillating The ink pressure Oscillating ink Requires external Silverbrook, EP ink pressure oscillates, providing pressure can provide ink pressure 0771 658 A2 and (including much of the drop a refill pulse, oscillator related patent acoustic ejection energy. The allowing higher Ink pressure applications stimul- actuator selects which operating speed phase and amplitude IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, ation) drops are to be fired The actuators must be carefully IJ17, IJ18, IJ19, by selectively may operate with controlled IJ21 blocking or enabling much lower energy Acoustic nozzles. The ink Acoustic lenses reflections in the ink pressure oscillation can be used to focus chamber must be may be achieved by the sound on the designed for vibrating the print nozzles head, or preferably by an actuator in the ink supply. Media The print head is Low power Precision Silverbrook, EP proximity placed in close High accuracy assembly required 0771 658 A2 and proximity to the print Simple print head Paper fibers may related patent medium. Selected construction cause problems applications drops protrude from Cannot print on the print head further rough substrates than unselected drops, and contact the print medium. The drop soaks into the medium fast enough to cause drop separation. Transfer Drops are printed to a High accuracy Bulky Silverbrook, EP roller transfer roller instead Wide range of Expensive 0771 658 A2 and of straight to the print print substrates can Complex related patent medium. A transfer be used construction applications roller can also be used Ink can be dried Tektronix hot for proximity drop on the transfer roller melt piezoelectric separation. inkjet Any of the IJ series

AUXILIARY MECHANISM (APPLIED TO ALL NOZZLES) Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electro- An electric field is Low power Field strength Silverbrook, EP static used to accelerate Simple print head required for 0771 658 A2 and selected drops towards construction separation of small related patent the print medium. drops is near or applications above air Tone-Jet breakdown Direct A magnetic field is Low power Requires Silverbrook, EP magnetic used to accelerate Simple print head magnetic ink 0771 658 A2 and field selected drops of construction Requires strong related patent magnetic ink towards magnetic field applications the print medium. Cross The print head is Does not require Requires external IJ06, IJ16 magnetic placed in a constant magnetic materials magnet field magnetic field. The to be integrated in Current densities Lorenz force in a the print head may be high, current carrying wire manufacturing resulting in is used to move the process electromigration actuator. problems Pulsed A pulsed magnetic Very low power Complex print IJ10 magnetic field is used to operation is possible head construction field cyclically attract a Small print head Magnetic paddle, which pushes size materials required in on the ink. A small print head actuator moves a catch, which selectively prevents the paddle from moving.

ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples None No actuator Operational Many actuator Thermal Bubble mechanical simplicity mechanisms have Inkjet amplification is used. insufficient travel, IJ01, IJ02, IJ06, The actuator directly or insufficient force, IJ07, IJ16, IJ25, drives the drop to efficiently drive IJ26 ejection process. the drop ejection process Differential An actuator material Provides greater High stresses are Piezoelectric expansion expands more on one travel in a reduced involved IJ03, IJ09, IJ17, bend side than on the other. print head area Care must be IJ18, IJ19, IJ20, actuator The expansion may be taken that the IJ21, IJ22, IJ23, thermal, piezoelectric, materials do not IJ24, IJ27, IJ29, magnetostrictive, or delaminate IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, other mechanism. The Residual bend IJ33, IJ34, 1135, bend actuator converts resulting from high IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, a high force low travel temperature or high IJ39, IJ42, IJ43, actuator mechanism to stress during IJ44 high travel, lower formation force mechanism. Transient A trilayer bend Very good High stresses are IJ40, IJ41 bend actuator where the two temperature stability involved actuator outside layers are High speed, as a Care must be identical. This cancels new drop can be taken that the bend due to ambient fired before heat materials do not temperature and dissipates delaminate residual stress. The Cancels residual actuator only responds stress of formation to transient heating of one side or the other. Reverse The actuator loads a Better coupling Fabrication IJ05, IJ11 spring spring. When the to the ink complexity actuator is turned off, High stress in the the spring releases. spring This can reverse the force/distance curve of the actuator to make it compatible with the force/time requirements of the drop ejection. Actuator A series of thin Increased travel Increased Some stack actuators are stacked. Reduced drive fabrication piezoelectric ink This can be voltage complexity jets IJ04 appropriate where Increased actuators require high possibility of short electric field strength, circuits due to such as electrostatic pinholes and piezoelectric actuators.

ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Multiple Multiple smaller Increases the Actuator forces IJ12, IJ13, IJ18, actuators actuators are used force available from may not add IJ20, IJ22, IJ28, simultaneously to an actuator linearly, reducing IJ42, IJ43 move the ink. Each Multiple efficiency actuator need provide actuators can be only a portion of the positioned to control force required. ink flow accurately Linear A linear spring is used Matches low Requires print IJ15 Spring to transform a motion travel actuator with head area for the with small travel and higher travel spring high force into a requirements longer travel, lower Non-contact force motion. method of motion transformation Coiled A bend actuator is Increases travel Generally IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, actuator coiled to provide Reduces chip restricted to planar IJ35 greater travel in a area implementations reduced chip area. Planar due to extreme implementations are fabrication difficulty relatively easy to in other orientations. fabricate. Flexure A bend actuator has a Simple means of Care must be IJ10, IJ19, IJ33 bend small region near the increasing travel of taken not to exceed actuator fixture point, which a bend actuator the elastic limit in flexes much more the flexure area readily than the Stress remainder of the distribution is very actuator. The actuator uneven flexing is effectively Difficult to converted from an accurately model even coiling to an with finite element angular bend, resulting analysis in greater travel of the actuator tip. Catch The actuator controls a Very low Complex IJ10 small catch. The catch actuator energy construction either enables or Very small Requires external disables movement of actuator size force an ink pusher that is Unsuitable for controlled in a bulk pigmented inks manner. Gears Gears can be used to Low force, low Moving parts are IJ13 increase travel at the travel actuators can required expense of duration. be used Several actuator Circular gears, rack Can be fabricated cycles are required and pinion, ratchets, using standard More complex and other gearing surface MEMS drive electronics methods can be used. processes Complex construction Friction, friction, and wear are possible

ACTUATOR AMPLIFICATION OR MODIFICATION METHOD Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Buckle plate A buckle plate can be Very fast Must stay within S. Hirata et al, used to change a slow movement elastic limits of the “An Ink-jet Head actuator into a fast achievable materials for long Using Diaphragm motion. It can also device life Microactuator”, convert a high force, High stresses Proc. IEEE MEMS, low travel actuator involved Feb. 1996, pp 418- into a high travel, Generally high 423. medium force motion. power requirement IJ18, IJ27 Tapered A tapered magnetic Linearizes the Complex IJ14 magnetic pole can increase magnetic construction pole travel at the expense force/distance curve of force. Lever A lever and fulcrum is Matches low High stress IJ32, IJ36, IJ37 used to transform a travel actuator with around the fulcrum motion with small higher travel travel and high force requirements into a motion with Fulcrum area has longer travel and no linear movement, lower force. The lever and can be used for can also reverse the a fluid seal direction of travel. Rotary The actuator is High mechanical Complex IJ28 impeller connected to a rotary advantage construction impeller. A small The ratio of force Unsuitable for angular deflection of to travel of the pigmented inks the actuator results in actuator can be a rotation of the matched to the impeller vanes, which nozzle requirements push the ink against by varying the stationary vanes and number of impeller out of the nozzle. vanes Acoustic A refractive or No moving parts Large area 1993 Hadimioglu lens diffractive (e.g. zone required et al, EUP 550,192 plate) acoustic lens is Only relevant for 1993 Elrod et al, used to concentrate acoustic ink jets EUP 572,220 sound waves. Sharp A sharp point is used Simple Difficult to Tone-jet conductive to concentrate an construction fabricate using point electrostatic field. standard VLSI processes for a surface ejecting ink- jet Only relevant for electrostatic ink jets

ACTUATOR MOTION Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Volume The volume of the actuator Simple construction in the case High energy is typically required Hewlett-Packard Thermal Ink expansion changes, pushing the ink in all of thermal ink jet to achieve volume expansion. jet directions. This leads to thermal stress, Canon Bubblejet cavitation, and kogation in thermal ink jet implementations Linear, normal The actuator moves in a Efficient coupling to ink drops High fabrication complexity may IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ07, IJ11, IJ14 to chip surface direction normal to the print ejected normal to the surface be required to achieve head surface. The nozzle is perpendicular motion typically in the line of move- ment. Parallel to The actuator moves parallel to Suitable for planar fabrication Fabrication complexity IJ12, IJ13, IJ15, IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, chip surface the print head surface. Drop Friction IJ36 ejection may still be normal to Stiction the surface. Membrane An actuator with a high force The effective area of the actuator Fabrication complexity 1982 Howkins U.S. Pat. No. push but small area is used to push becomes the membrane area Actuator size 4,459,601 a stiff membrane that is in Difficulty of integration in a contact with the ink. VLSI process Rotary The actuator causes the rotation Rotary levers may be used to Device complexity IJ05, IJ08, IJ13, IJ28 of some element, such a grill or increase travel May have friction at a pivot impeller Small chip area requirements point Bend The actuator bends when A very small change in Requires the actuator to be made 1970 Kyser et al U.S. Pat. No. energized. This may be due to dimensions can be converted to from at least two distinct layers, 3,946,398 differential thermal expansion, a large motion. or to have a thermal difference 1973 Stemme U.S. Pat. No. piezoelectric expansion, mag- across the actuator 3,747,120 netostriction, or other form of IJ03, IJ09, IJ10, IJ19, IJ23, IJ24, relative dimensional change. IJ25, IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ33, IJ34, IJ35 Swivel The actuator swivels around a Allows operation where the net Inefficient coupling to the ink IJ06 central pivot. This motion is linear force on the paddle is motion suitable where there are zero opposite forces applied to Small chip area requirements opposite sides of the paddle, e.g. Lorenz force.

ACTUATOR MOTION Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Straighten The actuator is normally bent, Can be used with shape memory Requires careful balance of IJ26, IJ32 and straightens when energized. alloys where the austenic phase stresses to ensure that the is planar quiescent bend is accurate Double bend The actuator bends in one One actuator can be used to Difficult to make the drops IJ36, IJ37, IJ38 direction when one element is power two nozzles. ejected by both bend directions energized, and bends the other Reduced chip size. identical. way when another element is Not sensitive to ambient A small efficiency loss com- energized. temperature pared to equivalent single bend actuators. Shear Energizing the actuator causes a Can increase the effective travel Not readily applicable to other 1985 Fishbeck U.S. Pat. No. shear motion in the actuator of piezoelectric actuators actuator mechanisms 4,584,590 material. Radial con- The actuator squeezes an ink Relatively easy to fabricate High force required 1970 Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. striction reservoir, forcing ink from a single nozzles from glass tubing Inefficient 3,683,212 constricted nozzle. as macroscopic structures Difficult to integrate with VLSI processes Coil/uncoiled A coiled actuator uncoils or coils Easy to fabricate as a planar Difficult to fabricate for non- IJ17, IJ21, IJ34, IJ35 more tightly. The motion of the VLSI process planar devices free end of the actuator ejects Small area required, therefore Poor out-of-plane stiffness the ink. low cost Bow The actuator bows (or buckles) Can increase the speed of travel Maximum travel is constrained IJ16, IJ18, IJ27 in the middle when energized. Mechanically rigid High force required Push-Pull Two actuators control a shutter. The structure is pinned at both Not readily suitable for ink jets IJ18 One actuator pulls the shutter, ends, so has a high out-of-plane which directly push the ink and the other pushes it. rigidity Curl inwards A set of actuators curl inwards Good fluid flow to the region Design complexity IJ20, IJ42 to reduce the volume of ink behind the actuator increases that they enclose. efficiency Curl outwards A set of actuators curl outwards, Relatively simple construction Relatively large chip area IJ43 pressurizing ink in a chamber surrounding the actuators, and expelling ink from a nozzle in the chamber.

ACTUATOR MOTION Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Iris Multiple vanes enclose a volume High efficiency High fabrication complexity IJ22 of ink. These simultaneously Small chip area Not suitable for pigmented inks rotate, reducing the volume between the vanes. Acoustic The actuator vibrates at a high The actuator can be physically Large area required for efficient 1993 Hadimioglu et al, EUP vibration frequency. distant from the ink operation at useful frequencies 550,192 Acoustic coupling and crosstalk 1993 Elrod et al, EUP 572,220 Complex drive circuitry Poor control of drop volume and position None In various ink jet designs the No moving parts Various other tradeoffs are Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 actuator does not move. required to eliminate moving and related patent applications parts Tone-jet

NOZZLE REFILL METHOD Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Surface tension This is the normal way that ink Fabrication simplicity Low speed Thermal ink jet jets are refilled. After the Operational simplicity Surface tension force relatively Piezoelectric ink jet actuator is energized, it typically small compared to actuator force IJ01-IJ07, IJ10-IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, returns rapidly to its normal Long refill time usually IJ22-IJ45 position. This rapid return sucks dominates the total repetition in air through the nozzle rate opening. The ink surface tension at the nozzle then exerts a small force restoring the meniscus to a minimum area. This force refills the nozzle. Shuttered Ink to the nozzle chamber is High speed Requires common ink pressure IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17, IJ18, IJ19, oscillating provided at a pressure that Low actuator energy, as the oscillator IJ21 ink pressure oscillates at twice the drop actuator need only open or May not be suitable for pig- ejection frequency. When a drop close the shutter, instead of mented inks is to be ejected, the shutter is ejecting the ink drop opened for 3 half cycles: drop ejection, actuator return, and refill. The shutter is then closed to prevent the nozzle chamber emptying during the next negative pressure cycle. Refill actuator After the main actuator has High speed, as the nozzle is Requires two independent IJ09 ejected a drop a second (refill) actively refilled actuators per nozzle actuator is energized. The refill actuator pushes ink into the nozzle chamber. The refill actuator returns slowly, to prevent its return from emptying the chamber again. Positive ink The ink is held a slight positive High refill rate, therefore a Surface spill must be prevented Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 pressure pressure. After the ink drop is high drop repetition rate is Highly hydrophobic print head and related patent applications ejected, the nozzle chamber fills possible surfaces are required Alternative for: IJ01-IJ07, quickly as surface tension and IJ10-IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22-IJ45 ink pressure both operate to refill the nozzle.

METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Long inlet The ink inlet channel to the Design simplicity Restricts refill rate Thermal ink jet channel nozzle chamber is made long Operational simplicity May result in a relatively large Piezoelectric ink jet and relatively narrow, relying Reduces crosstalk chip area IJ42, IJ43 on viscous drag to reduce Only partially effective inlet back-flow. Positive ink The ink is under a positive Drop selection and separation Requires a method (such as a Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 pressure pressure, so that in the quiescent forces can be reduced nozzle rim or effective hydro- and related patent applications state some of the ink drop Fast refill time phobizing, or both) to prevent Possible operation of the already protrudes from the flooding of the ejection surface following: IJ01-IJ07, IJ09-IJ12, nozzle. This reduces the pressure of the print head. IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22, IJ23-IJ34, in the nozzle chamber which is IJ36-IJ41, IJ44 required to eject a certain volume of ink. The reduction in chamber pressure results in a reduction in ink pushed out through the inlet. Baffle One or more baffles are placed The refill rate is not as restricted Design complexity HP Thermal Ink Jet in the inlet ink flow. When the as the long inlet method. May increase fabrication Tektronix piezoelectric ink jet actuator is energized, the rapid Reduces crosstalk complexity (e.g. Tektronix hot ink movement creates eddies melt Piezoelectric print heads). which restrict the flow through the inlet. The slower refill process is unrestricted, and does not result in eddies. Flexible flap In this method recently disclosed Significantly reduces back-flow Not applicable to most ink jet Canon restricts inlet by Canon, the expanding for edge-shooter thermal ink jet configurations actuator (bubble) pushes on a devices Increased fabrication complexity flexible flap that restricts the Inelastic deformation of polymer inlet. flap results in creep over extended use

METHOD OF RESTRICTING BACK-FLOW THROUGH INLET Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Inlet filter A filter is located between the Additional advantage of ink Restricts refill rate IJ04, IJ12, IJ24, IJ27, IJ29, IJ30 ink inlet and the nozzle filtration May result in complex chamber. The filter has a Ink filter may be fabricated with construction multitude of small holes or no additional process steps slots, resricting ink flow. The filter also removes particles which may block the nozzle. Small inlet The ink inlet channel to the Design simplicity Restricts refill rate IJ02, IJ37, IJ44 compared to nozzle chamber has a sub- May result in a relatively large nozzle stantially smaller cross section chip area than that of the nozzle, resulting Only partially effective in easier ink egress out of the nozzle than out of the inlet. Inlet shutter A secondary actuator controls Increases speed of the ink-jet Requires separate refill actuator IJ09 the position of a shutter, closing print head operation and drive circuit off the ink inlet when the main actuator is energized. The inlet is The method avoids the problem Back-flow problem is elminated Requires careful design to IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ10, located behind of inlet back-flow by arranging minimize the negative pressure IJ11, IJ14, IJ16, IJ22, IJ23, IJ25, the ink-pushing the ink-pushing surface of the behind the paddle IJ28, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, IJ35, surface actuator between the inlet and IJ36, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41 the nozzle. Part of the The actuator and a wall of the Significant reductions in back- Small increase in fabrication IJ07, IJ20, IJ26, IJ38 actuator moves ink chamber are arranged so that flow can be achieved complexity to shut off the the motion of the actuator Compact designs possible inlet closes off the inlet. Nozzle actuator In some configurations of ink Ink back-flow problem is None related to ink back-flow Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 does not result jet, there is no expansion or eliminated on actuation and related patent applications in ink back- movement of an actuator which Valve-jet flow may cause ink back-flow Tone-jet through the inlet.

NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Normal nozzle All of the nozzles are fired No added complexity on the May not be sufficient to displace Most ink jet systems firing periodically, before the ink print head dried ink IJ01, IJ02, IJ03, IJ04, IJ05, IJ06, has a chance to dry. When not IJ07, IJ09, IJ10, IJ11, IJ12, IJ14, in use the nozzles are sealed IJ16, IJ20, IJ22, IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, (capped) against air. The IJ26, IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, nozzle firing is usually IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, performed during a special IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44, clearing cycle, after first IJ45 moving the print head to a cleaning station. Extra power to In systems which heat the ink, Can be highly effective if the Requires higher drive voltage for Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 ink heater but do not boil it under normal heater is adjacent to the nozzle clearing and related patent applications situations, nozzle clearing can be May require larger drive achieved by over-powering the transistors heater and boiling ink at the nozzle. Rapid success- The actuator is fired in rapid Does not require extra drive Effectiveness depends sub- May be used with: IJ01, IJ02, ion of actuator succession. In some configura- circuits on the print head stantially upon the configura- IJ03, IJ04, IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ09, pulses tions, this may cause heat build- Can be readily controlled and tion of the ink jet nozzle IJ10, IJ11, IJ14, IJ16, IJ20, IJ22, up at the nozzle which boils the initiated by digital logic IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ27, IJ28, IJ29, ink, clearing the nozzle. In IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, IJ36, other situations, it may cause IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, sufficient vibrations to dis- IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 lodge clogged nozzles. Extra power to Where an actuator is not A simple solution where applic- Not suitable where there is a May be used with: IJ03, IJ09, ink pushing normally driven to the limit of able hard limit to actuator movement IJ16, IJ20, IJ23, IJ24, IJ25, IJ27, actuator its motion, nozzle clearing may IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, IJ39, IJ40, be assisted by providing an IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44, IJ45 enhanced drive signal to the actuator.

NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Acoustic An ultrasonic wave is applied to A high nozzle clearing capability High implementation cost if IJ08, IJ13, IJ15, IJ17, IJ18, IJ19, resonance the ink chamber. This wave is of can be achieved system does not already include IJ21 an appropriate amplitude and May be implemented at very an acoustic actuator frequency to cause sufficient low cost in systems which force at the nozzle to clear already include acoustic blockages. This is easiest to actuators achieve if the ultrasonic wave is at a resonant frequency of the ink cavity. Nozzle clearing A microfabricated plate is Can clear severely clogged Accurate mechanical alignment Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 plate pushed against the nozzles. The nozzles is required and related patent applications plate has a post for every Moving parts are required nozzle. A post moves through There is risk of damage to the each nozzle, displacing dried nozzles ink. Accurate fabrication is required Ink pressure The pressure of the ink is May be effective where other Requires pressure pump or other May be used with all IJ series pulse temporarily increased so that methods cannot be used pressure actuator ink jets ink streams from all of the Expensive nozzles. This may be used in Wasteful of ink conjunction with actuator energizing. Print head A flexible ‘blade’ is wiped Effective for planar print Difficult to use if print head Many ink jet systems wiper across the print head surface. head surfaces surface is non-planar or very The blade is usually fabricated Low cost fragile from a flexible polymer, e.g. Requires mechanical parts rubber or synthetic elastomer. Blade can wear out in high volume print systems

NOZZLE CLEARING METHOD Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Separate ink A separate heater is provided Can be effective where other Fabrication complexity Can be used with many IJ series boiling heater at the nozzle although the nozzle clearing methods cannot ink jets normal drop e-ection mechanism be used does not require it. The heaters Can be implemented at no do not require individual drive additional cost in some ink jet circuits, as many nozzles can be configurations cleared simultaneously, and no imaging is required.

NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Electroformed A nozzle plate is separately Fabrication simplicity High temperatures and pressures Hewlett Packard Thermal Ink jet nickel fabricated from electroformed are required to bond nozzle nickel, and bonded to the print plate head chip. Minimum thickness constraints Differential thermal expansion Laser ablated Individual nozzle holes are No masks required Each hole must be individually Canon Bubblejet or drilled ablated by an intense UV laser Can be quite fast formed 1988 Sercel et al., SPIE, Vol. polymer in a nozzle plate, which is Some control over nozzle Special equipment required 998 Excimer Beam Applica- typically a polymer such as profile is possible Slow where there are many tions, pp. 76-83 polyimide or polysulphone Equipment required is thousands of nozzles per print 1993 Watanabe et al., U.S. Pat. relatively low cost head No. 5,208,604 May produce thin burrs at exit holes Silicon micro- A separate nozzle plate is High accuracy is attainable Two part construction K. Bean, IEEE Transactions machined micromachined from single High cost on Electron Devices, Vol. ED- crystal silicon, and bonded Requires precision alignment 25, No. 10, 1978, pp 1185-1195 to the print head wafer. Nozzles may be clogged by Xerox 1990 Hawkins et al., adhesive U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181 Glass Fine glass capillaries are drawn No expensive equipment Very small nozzle sizes are 1970 Zoltan U.S. Pat. No. capillaries from glass tubing. This method required difficult to form 3,683,212 has been used for making Simple to make single nozzles Not suited for mass production individual nozzles, but is difficult to use for bulk manufacturing of print heads with thousands of nozzles. Monolithic, The nozzle plate is deposited High accuracy (<1 μm) Requires sacrificial layer under Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 surface micro- as a layer using standard Monolithic the nozzle plate to form the and related patent applications machined using VLSI deposition techniques. Low cost nozzle chamber IJ01, IJ02, IJ04, IJ11, IJ12, IJ17, VLSI litho- Nozzles are etched in the Existing processes can be used Surface may be fragile to the IJ18, IJ20, IJ22, IJ24, IJ27, IJ28, graphic pro- nozzle plate using VLSI touch IJ29, IJ30, IJ31, IJ32, IJ33, IJ34, cesses lithography and etching. IJ36, IJ37, IJ38, IJ39, IJ40, IJ41, IJ42, IJ43, IJ44

NOZZLE PLATE CONSTRUCTION Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Monolithic, The nozzle plate is a buried etch High accuracy (<1 μm) Requires long etch times IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ08, IJ09, etched through stop in the wafer. Nozzle Monolithic Requires a support wafer IJ10, IJ13, IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, IJ19, substrate chambers are etched in the front Low cost IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, IJ26 of the wafer, and the wafer is No differential expansion thinned from the back side. Nozzles are then etched in the etch stop layer. No nozzle plate Various methods have been tried No nozzles to become clogged Difficult to control drop Ricoh 1995 Sekiya et al to eliminate the nozzles entirely, position accurately U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,413 to prevent nozzle clogging. Crosstalk problems 1993 Hadimioglu et al EUP These include thermal bubble 550,192 mechanisms and acoustic lens 1993 Elrod et al EUP 572,220 mechanisms Trough Each drop ejector has a trough Reduced manufacturing Drop firing direction is IJ35 through which a paddle moves. complexity sensitive to wicking. There is no nozzle plate. Monolithic Nozzle slit The elimination of nozzle holes No nozzles to become clogged Difficult to control drop 1989 Saito et al U.S. Pat. instead of and replacement by a slit position accurately No. 4,799,068 individual encompassing many actuator Crosstalk problems nozzles positions reduces nozzle clogging, but increases cross- talk due to ink surface waves DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Edge (‘edge Ink flow is along the surface Simple construction Nozzles limited to edge Canon Bubblejet 1979 Endo et shooter’) of the chip, and ink drops No silicon etching required High resolution is difficult al GB patent 2,007,162 are ejected from the chip edge. Good heat sinking via Fast color print requires Xerox heater-in-pit 1990 substrate one print head per color Hawkins et al U.S. Pat. No. Mechanically strong 4,899,181 Ease of chip handing Tone-jet

DROP EJECTION DIRECTION Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Surface (‘roof Ink flow is along the surface No bulk silicon etching Maximum ink flow is severely Hewlett-Packard TIJ 1982 shooter’) of the chip, and ink drops are required restricted Vaught et al U.S. Pat. No. ejected from the chip surface, Silicon can make an effective 4,490,728 normal to the plane of the chip. heat sink IJ02, IJ11, IJ12, IJ20, IJ22 Mechanical strength Through chip, Ink flow is through the chip, High ink flow Requires bulk silicon Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 forward (‘up and ink drops are ejected Suitable for pagewidth etching and related patent applications shooter’) from the front surface of print heads IJ04, IJ17, IJ18, IJ24, IJ27-IJ45 the chip. High nozzle packing density therefore low manufacturing cost Through chip, Ink flow is through the chip, High ink flow Requires wafer thinning IJ01, IJ03, IJ05, IJ06, IJ07, IJ08, reverse (‘down and ink drops are ejected Suitable for pagewidth Requires special handling IJ09, IJ10, IJ13, IJ14, IJ15, IJ16, shooter’) from the rear surface of print heads during manufacture IJ19, IJ21, IJ23, IJ25, IJ26 the chip. High nozzle packing density therefore low manufacturing cost Through Ink flow is through the actuator, Suitable for piezoelectric Pagewidth print heads require Epson Stylus actuator which is not fabricated as part print heads several thousand connections to Tektronix hot melt piezo- of the same substrate as the drive circuits electric ink jets drive transistors. Cannot be manufactured in standard CMOS fabs Complex assembly required

INK TYPE Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Aqueous, dye Water based ink which typically Environmentally friendly Slow drying Most existing ink jets contains: water, dye, surfactant, No odor Corrosive All IJ series ink jets humectant, and biocide. Modern Bleeds on paper Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 ink dyes have high wafer- May strikethrough and related patent applications fastness, light fastness Cockles paper Aqueous, Water based ink which typically Environmentally friendly Slow drying IJ02, IJ04, IJ21, IJ26, IJ27, IJ30 pigment contains: water, pigment, No odor Corrosive Silverbrook, EP 0771 658 A2 surfactant, humectant, and Reduced bleed Pigment may clog nozzles and related patent applications biocide. Pigments have an Reduced wicking Pigment may clog actuator Piezoelectric ink-jets advantage in reduced bleed, Reduced strikethrough mechanisms Thermal ink jets (with wicking and strikethrough. Cockles paper significant restrictions) Methyl Ethyl MEK is a highly volatile solvent Very fast drying Odorous All IJ series ink jets Ketone (MEK) used for industrial printing on Prints on various substrates Flammable difficult surfaces such as such as metals and plastics aluminum cans. Alcohol Alcohol based inks can be used Fast drying Slight odor All IJ series ink jets (ethanol, 2- where the printer must Operates at sub-freezing Flammable butanol, and operate at temperatures below temperatures others) the freezing point of Reduced paper cockle water. An example of this is Low cost in-camera consumer photo- graphic printing. Phase change The ink is solid at room temper- No drying time-ink instantly High viscosity Tektronix hot melt piezo- (hot melt) ature, and is melted in the print freezes on the print medium Printed ink typically has a electric ink jets head before jetting. Hot melt Almost any print medium can ‘waxy’ feel 1989 Nowak U.S. Pat. No. inks are usually wax based, be used Printed pages may ‘block’ 4,820,346 with a melting point around No paper cockle occurs Ink temperature may be above All IJ series ink jets 80° C.. After jetting the No wicking occurs the curie point of permanent ink freezes almost instantly No bleed occurs magnets upon contacting the print No strikethrough occurs Ink heaters consume power medium or a transfer roller. Long warm-up time

INK TYPE Description Advantages Disadvantages Examples Oil Oil based inks are extensively High solubility medium for High viscosoty: this is a All IJ series ink jets used in offset printing. They some dyes significant limitation for use have advantages in improved Does not cockle paper in ink jets, which usually characteristics on paper Does not wick through paper require a low viscosity. Some (especially no wicking or short chain and multi- cockle). Oil soluble dies branched oils have a and pigments are required. sufficiently low viscosity. Slow drying Microemulsion A microemulsion is a stable, Stops ink bleed Viscosity higher than water All IJ series ink jets self forming emulsion of oil, High dye solubility Cost is slightly higher than water, and surfactant. The Water, oil and amphiphilic water based ink characteristic drop size is soluble dies can be used High surfactant concentration less than 100 nm, and is Can stabilize pigment required (around 5%) determined by the preferred suspensions curvature of the surfactant. 

I claim:
 1. A printer device for interconnection with a computer system, the printer device comprising: a printhead unit including an ink jet printhead for printing images on print media and further having a cavity defined therein for insertion of a consumable print roll unit; and a print roll unit containing a roll of consumable print media and ink the print roll unit being insertable into said cavity of the printhead unit, said ink being utilised by said ink jet printhead for printing images on said print media.
 2. A printer device as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a universal service port (USP) for interconnection of said computer system to said printer device.
 3. A printer device as claimed in claim 1 wherein said printhead unit includes a page width printhead for the outputting of images on the print media.
 4. A printer device as claimed in claim 1 wherein said print roll unit has a teardrop shaped cross-section which substantially corresponds with a cross-sectional shape of said cavity. 